New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy Applications to Chemical and Life Sciences : With 187 Figures and 39 Tables

1 Historical Aspects of Fluorescence.- 1 Introduction: On the Origin of the Terms Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, and Luminescence.- References.- 2 Pioneering Contributions of Jean and Francis Perrin to Molecular Luminescence.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Biographical Sketches of Jean Perrin and Francis Perrin.- 2.3 The Perrin-Jablonski Diagram.- 2.3.1 Jablonski Diagram.- 2.3.2 États Métastables - Phosphorescence.- 2.4 Resonance Energy Transfer.- 2.5 Fluorescence Polarization.- 2.6 Concluding Remarks.- 2.7 Bibliographical Notes.- References.- 3 The Seminal Contributions of Gregorio Weber to Modern Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 3.1 Overview.- 3.2 EarlyYears.- 3.3 Cambridge.- 3.4 Francis Perrin's Influence.- 3.5 Ph.D. Thesis.- 3.6 Postdoctoral.- 3.7 Sheffield.- 3.8 Intrinsic Protein Fluorescence.- 3.9 Red-Edge Effects.- 3.10 EEM.- 3.11 Brandeis.- 3.12 University of Illinois.- 3.13 Phase Fluorometry.- 3.14 Polarization Revisited.- 3.15 Students, Postdocs and Visitors.- 3.16 Commercialization of Fluorescence.- 3.17 National Laboratories.- 3.18 Honors.- 3.19 Proteins and Pressure.- References.- 2 Fluorescence of Molecular and Supramolecular Systems.- 4 Investigation of Femtosecond Chemical Reactivity by Means of Fluorescence Up-Conversion.- 4.1 Nanosecond and Picosecond Time-Resolved Fluorescence Techniques.- 4.1.1 Phase Modulation Spectroscopy.- 4.1.2 Time Correlated Single Photon Counting.- 4.1.3 Streak Cameras for Time-Domain Measurements.- 4.2 Femtosecond Emission Spectroscopy by Time-Gated Up-Conversion.- 4.2.1 Historical Background of the Time-Gated Up-Conversion Technique.- 4.2.2 Principle of the Time-Gated Up-Conversion Technique.- 4.2.2.1 Phase Matching Conditions.- 4.2.2.2 Quantum Efficiency for Up-Conversion.- 4.2.2.3 Group Velocity Effects.- 4.2.3 Experimental Setup.- 4.3 Time-Resolved Spectroscopy.- 4.3.1 Solvation Processes.- 4.3.1.1 Time-Dependent Fluorescence Stokes Shift (TDFSS) Non-Specific Solvation.- 4.3.1.2 Specific Solvation: Role of the Structure and the Charge of the Probe.- 4.3.1.3 Specific Solvation: Hydrogen Bond Dynamics.- 4.3.1.4 Isotope Effect.- 4.3.1.5 Spectral Narrowing in the 10 ps Time Scale.- 4.3.2 Photoinduced Intramolecular Charge Transfer.- 4.3.3 Intermolecular Electron Transfer.- 4.3.4 Intramolecular Proton Transfer.- 4.3.5 S2?S1 Internal Conversion.- 4.3.6 Biological Systems.- 4.4 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Spectroscopic Investigations of Intermolecular Interactions in Supercritical Fluids.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Instrumentation.- 5.3 Sample Preparation and Precautions..- 5.4 Selected Applications.- 5.5 Laser Flash Photolysis.- 5.6 Basic Picture Revealed by These Studies.- 5.7 The Future.- References.- 6 Space and Time Resolved Spectroscopy of Two-Dimensional Molecular Assemblies.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.1.1 Motivation.- 6.1.2 Models.- 6.2 Experimental.- 6.3 Results and Discussion.- 6.3.1 Inhomogeneous Multilayers: RB 18 and ARA.- 6.3.2 Homogeneous Multilayers: SRH+ARA.- 6.3.3 Multilayers of CV18 and ARA or DPPA.- 6.3.3.1 CV 18 in DPPA.- 6.3.3.2 Cd-Arachidate Multilayers.- 6.3.4 Intralayer Quenching of PYR18 by CV18.- 6.4 Conclusions.- References.- 7 From Cyanines to Styryl Bases - Photophysical Properties, Photochemical Mechanisms, and Cation Sensing Abilities of Charged and Neutral Polymethinic Dyes.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Cyanine Dyes.- 7.2.1 Photophysical Model Mechanisms.- 7.2.2 Complexation Properties.- 7.3 Styryl Dyes.- 7.3.1 Photophysical Model Mechanisms.- 7.3.2 Complexation Properties.- 7.4 Styryl Bases.- 7.4.1 Photophysical Model Mechanisms.- 7.4.2 Complexation Properties.- 7.4.2.1 Donor Acceptor Fluoroionophores.- 7.4.2.2 Donor Acceptor Donor Fluoroionophores.- 7.5 Conclusion.- References.- 8 Phototunable Metal Cation Binding Ability of Some Fluorescent Macrocydic Ditopic Receptors.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Anthraceno Coronands.- 8.2.1 Free Ligand.- 8.2.2 In the Presence of Metal Cation.- 8.3 Benzeno Coronands.- 8.3.1 BBO5O5.- 8.3.2 0TTO5O5.- 8.3.3 Fluorescence Anisotropy Experiments w