Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Applications With Historical Annotations and Many Citations from Avogadro to Zermelo

Thermodynamics is the much abused slave of many masters • physicists who love the totally impractical Carnot process, • mechanical engineers who design power stations and refrigerators, • chemists who are successfully synthesizing ammonia and are puzzled by photosynthesis, • meteorologists who calculate cloud bases and predict föhn, boraccia and scirocco, • physico-chemists who vulcanize rubber and build fuel cells, • chemical engineers who rectify natural gas and distil f- mented potato juice, • metallurgists who improve steels and harden surfaces, • - trition counselors who recommend a proper intake of calories, • mechanics who adjust heat exchangers, • architects who construe – and often misconstrue – ch- neys, • biologists who marvel at the height of trees, • air conditioning engineers who design saunas and the ventilation of air plane cabins, • rocket engineers who create supersonic flows, et cetera. Not all of these professional groups need the full depth and breadth of ther- dynamics. For some it is enough to consider a well-stirred tank, for others a s- tionary nozzle flow is essential, and yet others are well-served with the partial d- ferential equation of heat conduction. It is therefore natural that thermodynamics is prone to mutilation; different group-specific meta-thermodynamics’ have emerged which serve the interest of the groups under most circumstances and leave out aspects that are not often needed in their fields.