Small Stress Proteins

Evolution and Diversity of Prokaryotic Small Heat Shock Proteins.- 1 Introduction.- 2 sHsps in Prokaryotes.- 3 Are sHsps Dispensable in Some Pathogenic Bacteria?.- 4 Phylogenetic Analysis of Prokaryotic sHsps.- 5 Lateral Transfer or Convergent Evolution of Prokaryotic sHsp Genes.- 6 Secondary Structure Prediction of the a-Crystallin Domain.- 7 Alignment and Secondary Structure Prediction of the N-Terminal Domain.- 8 Summary and Concluding Remarks.- References.- Discovery of Two Distinct Small Heat Shock Protein (HSP) Families in the Desert Fish Poeciliopsis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Variation in Small HSPs Among Desert Species of Poeciliopsis.- 2.1 Results of Survey Among Species.- 2.2 HSP Isoforms as Primary Gene Products.- 2.3 Conclusions.- 3 Variation in Small HSPs Within Poeciliopsis Species.- 3.1 Results of Within-Species Survey.- 3.2 Conclusions.- 4 Discovery of Two Classes of Small HSPs in a Single Taxon.- 4.1 Differential Synthesis.- 4.2 Phosphorylation State of the Small HSPs.- 4.3 Sequence Analysis.- 4.4 Evolutionary Analysis.- 4.5 Conclusions.- References.- Chaperone Function of sHsps.- 1 Introduction.- 2 General Aspect of Chaperone function.- 2.1 Chaperones.- 2.2 Analysis of Chaperone function.- 3 The Chaperone Properties of sHsps.- 3.1 In Vivo Functions of sHsps.- 3.2 sHsps Bind Non-Native Protein.- 3.3 Complex Formation and Substrate Range.- 3.4 The Substrate Binding Site.- 3.5 Mechanism of Substrate Binding.- 3.6 Regulation of Functional Properties.- 3.7 sHsps in the Context of the Cellular Chaperone Machinery.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- The Small Heat Shock Proteins of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: Structure, Regulation and Biology.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The Small Heat Shock Protein Family of C. elegans.- 3 The 16-kDa Stress Proteins (Hspl6s).- 3.1 Hspl6 Gene Organization.- 3.2 Hspl6 Regulation.- 3.3 Biochemical Properties of Hspl6s.- 3.4 Uses of Hspl6 Promoters in C. elegans Research.- 4 The 12-kDa Small Heat Shock Proteins (Hspl2s).- 5 SIP-1.- 6 Hspl7.5.- 7 Hsp25.- 8 Hsp43.- 9 Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- Drosophila Small Heat Shock Proteins: Cell and Organelle-Specific Chaperones?.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Members of the Small Heat Shock Proteins Family.- 3 Transcriptional Regulation.- 3.1 Organisation of Chromatin.- 3.2 Stress-Induced Activation by the Heat Shock Factor.- 3.3 Developmental Transcription of shsp Genes.- 3.3.1 Regulation Cascade Induced by Ecdysone.- 3.3.2 Tissue- and Cell-Specific Enhancers.- 4 Intracellular Localisation-Analysis of Targeting Signals.- 5 Biochemical Properties and Post-Translational Modifications.- 6 Stress-Induced Expression of sHsp.- 6.1 Cell-Specific Response of sHsp.- 6.2 Functions of sHsp Under Stress Conditions.- 7 Developmental Expression of sHsp.- 7.1 Stage, Tissue, and Cell Specificity.- 7.1.1 Embryogenesis.- 7.1.2 Germ Line.- 7.1.3 Ageing.- 7.2 Functions of sHsp During Normal Development.- 7.2.1 Interaction with the SUMO-Conjugating Enzyme Ubc9.- 7.2.2 Modulation of Specific Biological Activity.- 8 Conclusion.- References.- The Developmental Expression of Small HSP.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Small HSP in Extraembryonic Development.- 3 Small HSP in Ectodermal Lineages.- 3.1 Neural Crest Cell Derivatives.- 3.2 Neurectoderm.- 3.3 Expression in the Skin.- 4 Small HSP in Mesodermal Lineages.- 4.1 Small HSP in Muscle Development.- 4.1.1 The Expression Pattern of sHSP in the Heart.- 4.1.2 The Expression Pattern of sHSP in Skeletal and Smooth Muscle.- 4.1.3 The Subcellular Localization of sHSP in Muscle.- 4.2 Small HSP in Other Mesodermal Lineages.- 4.2.1 Expression in Cartilage and Bones.- 4.2.2 Expression in the Derivatives of the Notochord.- 4.2.3 Expression in the Kidney.- 4.2.4 Expression in the Adrenal Glands.- 4.2.5 Expression in the Gonads.- 4.2.6 Expression in the Blood Cells.- 5 Small HSP in Endodermal Lineages.- 5.1 Expression in the Upper Digestive Tract.- 5.2 Expression in the Stomach And Intestine.- 5.3 Expression in the Bladder.- 6 Phosphorylation of ...