Carbon Reinforcements and Carbon/Carbon Composites

Reinforcement.- 1 Carbon Fibers.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Key to the Strength and Stiffness of Carbon Fibers.- 1.3 Short History of Carbon Fiber Development.- 1.3.1 Early High Performance Carbon Fibers.- 1.3.2 Japanese Dominance of Carbon Fiber Market.- 1.4 Carbon Fiber Process.- 1.5 PAN-Based Carbon Fibers.- 1.6 Pitch-Based Carbon Fibers.- 1.6.1 Mesophase Pitches.- 1.6.2 Melt Spinning Mesophase Pitch Precursor Fibers.- 1.6.3 Thermosetting Mesophase Pitch Fibers.- 1.6.4 Carbonization and Graphitization.- 1.7 Vapor-Grown Carbon Fibers.- 1.8 Current Status of Carbon Fibers.- 1.9 Structure of Carbon Fibers.- 1.10 Fracture Behavior of Carbon Fibers.- 1.11 Emerging Carbon Fibers.- 1.11.1 PAN-Based Carbon Fibers.- 1.11.2 Pitched-Based Carbon Fibers.- 1.12 Adhesion of Carbon Fibers.- 1.13 References.- Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 2 Introduction.- 2.1 Carbon/Carbon Composites and Conventional Graphite.- 2.2 References.- 3 Carbon Fiber Architecture.- 3.1 Discrete Fibers.- 3.2 Unidirectional Fibers.- 3.3 Planar (2D) Preforms.- 3.4 Three-Dimensional Preforms.- 3.5 Multidirectional Structures.- 3.6 References.- 4 Processing of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 4.1 Basic Routes for Fabrication of Carbon Products.- 4.1.1 One-Step Pyrolysis.- 4.1.2 Two-Step Pyrolysis.- 4.1.3 Three-Step Pyrolysis.- 4.1.4 Multistep Pyrolysis.- 4.2 Gas Phase Impregnation Process.- 4.2.1 Isothermal Chemical Vapor Deposition.- 4.2.2 Thermal Gradient Process.- 4.2.3 Differential Pressure Process.- 4.3 Density of CVD Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 4.4 The Classical Fabrication Route, as Used for Carbon Ceramic.- 4.4.1 Impregnating Precursors.- 4.5 Processing of Composites with Thermosetting Resins as Matrix Precursors.- 4.6 Composites with Pitch as Matrix Precursor.- 4.6.1 Standard Process.- 4.6.2 High Pressure Processing.- 4.7 References.- 5 Microstructure of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 5.1 Microstructure of Carbon Matrix Produced by Chemical Vapor Deposition.- 5.2 Carbon/Carbon Composites Fabrication by the Liquid Infiltration Route.- 5.2.1 Macroscopic Features.- 5.2.2 Matrix Microstructure in Thermosetting-Resin-Derived Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 5.2.3 Matrix Microstructure in Pitch-Derived Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 5.3 Interfaces in Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 5.4 X-ray Diffraction Studies on Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 5.5 References.- 6 Mechanical Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Basic Concepts Governing Mechanical Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 6.2.1 The Young's Modulus of the Composites.- 6.2.2 Strength of the Composites.- 6.3 Mechanical Properties of Composites with Pyrolytic Carbon Matrix.- 6.4 Carbon/Carbon Composites Fabricated by the Liquid Infiltration Technique.- 6.4.1 Thermosetting-Resin-Derived Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 6.4.2 Pitch-Derived Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 6.4.3 Angle-Plied Composites.- 6.4.4 Sandwich Composites.- 6.5 Fracture Toughness of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 6.6 Fatigue and Creep Properties.- 6.7 Mechanical Properties at High Temperature.- 6.8 Effect of Oxidation on Mechanical Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 6.9 Effect of Neutron Irradiation on Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 6.10 References.- 7 Thermal Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 7.1 Thermal Transport Phenomena.- 7.2 Carbon/Carbon Composites with Thermosetting Resin-Derived Carbon Matrixes.- 7.3 Composites with Pitch-Derived Matrixes.- 7.4 Composites with Pyrocarbon Matrix.- 7.5 High Conductivity Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 7.6 Thermal Expansion of Composites.- 7.7 Specific Heat of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 7.8 Thermal Shock Resistance of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 7.9 References.- 8 Friction and Wear Properties of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 8.1 Design.- 8.2 Low Energy Tribological Behavior of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 8.3 References.- 9 Oxidation and Oxidation Protection of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 9.1 Oxidation of Carbon/Carbon Composites.- 9.2 Protection of Carbon/Carbon Composites Against Oxidation.- 9.2.1 Oxidati...