Waves and Tidal Flat Ecosystems

1 What is a tidal flat?.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Function and structure of natural and man-made tidal flats.- 1.2.1 Pysico-chemical characteristics.- 1.2.2 Hydraulic characteristics.- 1.2.3 Biomass of bacteria and macrobenthos.- 1.2.4 Respiration rates of microorganisms.- 1.2.5 Discussion.- 1.3 Key factors to determine a tidal flat characteristic.- 1.3.1 Transfer experiment.- 1.3.2 Relationship between silt content and bacterial population.- 1.4 Fluid flow on a tidal flat.- 1.4.1 Outline of study sites.- 1.4.2 Shear stress.- 1.4.3 Sedimentation of sand.- 1.4.4 Discussion.- 2 Effects of waves and tide on tidal flat ecosystems.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Method of experiments on internal flow in seabed.- 2.2.1 Flow visualization inside sandy beach.- 2.2.2 Wave and tide control.- 2.2.3 Quantification of seawater infiltration in sandy beach.- 2.3 Role of wave and tide on seawater infiltration in sandy beach.- 2.3.1 Fresh seawater infiltration.- 2.3.2 Silt movement by wave action.- 2.4 Role of wave and tide on ecosystems in tidal flats.- 2.4.1 Measurement of seawater infiltration in tidal flat.- 2.4.2 Observation of benthic organisms in tidal flat simulators.- 2.5 Concluding remarks.- 3 Unified model for wave breaking action.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Mathematical model.- 3.2.1 Notations and geometry.- 3.2.2 Conservation of mass for total flow system.- 3.2.3 Conservation of momentum for total flow system.- 3.2.4 Surface blocking effect to seawater due to accumulated materials on the beach.- 3.3 Unified model for two-phase flow with surface blocking effect.- 3.4 Numerical results.- 3.4.1 Correlation between wave breaking action on a sloping beach and internal flow of a sandy beach.- 3.4.2 Flow pattern and infiltration area of seawater in sandy beach.- 3.4.3 Time averaged flow under the beach.- 3.4.4 Surface blocking effect to seawater.- 4 Oil pollution: human damages on hydraulic regime in sandy beach ecosystems.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Infiltration of stranded oils into sandy beach sediments by waves and tides.- 4.2.1 Waves and Tides.- 4.2.2 Volume of stranded oils.- 4.2.3 Tidal Cycles and temperature.- 4.2.4 Viscosity of oil.- 4.2.5 Weathered and dispersed oils.- 4.3 Effects of the penetrated oils into sandy beach sediments on seawater infiltration by waves.- 5 Theoretical study of oil pollution.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Behavior of spilled oil in the surfzone.- 5.3 Mathematical model.- 5.3.1 Notations and geometry.- 5.3.2 Conservation of mass for a total flow system.- 5.3.3 Conservation of momentum for a total flow system.- 5.3.4 Unified equations of motion for a three-phase flow.- 5.3.5 Adhesive phenomena of oil on a sandy beach.- 5.4 Unified model for three-phase flow with adhesion.- 5.5 Numerical results.- 5.5.1 Process of drifting ashore of spilled oil.- 5.5.2 Deformation of oil.- 5.5.3 Adhesion and sliding phenomena between oil and water in a sandy beach.- 5.5.4 Infiltration phenomena of oil into a tidal flat or sea bed due to the tidal motion.- 5.5.5 Blocking effect by penetrated oil on the internal flow in sand.- 6 Oil pollution: human damage on hydraulic regime and benthic communities in tidal flat ecosystems.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Penetration of stranded oils into tidal flat sediments by tides.- 6.3 Effects of the penetrated oils into tidal flat sediments on seawater infiltration by tides.- 6.4 Effects of oil spill on seawater infiltration and macrobenthic community in tidal flats.- 6.4.1 introduction.- 6.4.2 The tidal flat simulator.- 6.4.3 Effects of oil spill on tidal flat ecosystem.- 6.4.4 Macrobenthic community.- 7 Decomposition mechanism of spilled oil by bacteria.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Notations.- 7.3 Characteristics of oil decomposition into water.- 7.3.1 Reactivity condition.- 7.4 Incompressibility condition for a total flow system.- 7.5 Biological contribution to satisfy reactivity condition.- 7.6 Unified model for three-phase flow with decomposition.- 7.7 Numerical results.- 8 Breaking waves and ecosystem dyn...