Oral Treatment of Diabetes A Clinical and Experimental Review

The problem of treating diabetes mellitus seemed to have been solved by the discovery of insulin and the production of purified crystalline insulin compounds whose time of effect can be varied by using different additions. Orally applicable substances for reducing the blood-sugar level have been searched for in order to free the diabetic from the necessity of daily injections. There are also other reasons for this research. Pathophysiological investigations in diabetes mellitus have shown that metabolic errors are not always based on a simple insulin deficiency but that in many cases other insulin antagonistic factors playa part. For instance ,the concept of deficiency diabetes growth-onset type, usually found in juveniles and ectomorphs, was contrasted with the concept of hypertensive diabetes (R. SCHMIDT 1924, 1930) or "Gegenregulationsdiabetes" (BERTRAM) or ,,"Oberfunktionsdia betes" (BARTELHEIMER 1940) or "Lipoplethoric­ diabetes" (LAWRENCE) in which there is a positive correlation to the adipose hyperplastic habitus with hypertensive tendencies (BARTELHEIMER 1940, ApPELS 1951). In this type of diabetes there is no ketosis tendency and a low insulin­ glucose equivalent, i. e. relative insulin resistance (F ALTA) due to a hormonal imba­ lance (too much blood-sugar-raising hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary lobe and the supra-renals and possibly also glucagon) or, to increased insulin de­ gradation in the organism, especially the liver (insulinase system, MIRSKY 1949, 1956).