Technological Advances in Improved and Alternative Sources of Lipids

1 Present and future outlook of the world fats and oil supplies.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Composition of oils and fats.- 1.3 Availability of oils and fats.- 1.4 Applications of oils and fats.- 1.5 Newer developments within oils and fats.- 1.6 Global trends in production, consumption and trade of fats and oils.- 1.7 Pricing policies.- 1.8 Other developments.- 1.9 World demand and supply situation.- 1.10 Concluding remarks.- References.- 2 Nutritional aspects of fats and oils.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Cholesterol.- 2.2.1 Structure and function.- 2.2.2 Sources of cholesterol.- 2.2.3 Digestion, absorption and transport in the blood.- 2.2.4 Role of plasma cholesterol in atherosclerosis.- 2.2.5 Dietary cholesterol, atherosclerosis and plasma cholesterol.- 2.2.6 Dietary recommendations.- 2.3 Saturated, mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids.- 2.3.1 Structure and function.- 2.3.2 Sources of fatty acids.- 2.3.3 Digestion, absorption and transport in the blood.- 2.3.4 Role of various types of fatty acids and total fat in disease.- 2.3.5 Dietary recommendations.- 2.4 ?-6 and ?-3 essential fatty acids.- 2.4.1 Structure and sources.- 2.4.2 Deficiency symptoms.- 2.4.3 Recommended intakes of essential fatty acids to prevent deficiency.- 2.5 Roles of ?-6 and ?-3 fatty acids in nutrition and disease.- 2.5.1 Nutrition.- 2.5.2 Disease.- 2.6 Phospholipids and lecithin.- 2.6.1 Structure and functions.- 2.6.2 Functions and commercial uses of lecithin.- 2.7 Medium-chain triglycerides.- 2.7.1 Structure and sources.- 2.7.2 Digestion and absorption.- 2.7.3 Importance of medium-chain trigylcerides.- 2.8 Fat substitutes.- 2.8.1 Benefit of fat substitutes.- 2.8.2 Safety considerations.- 2.8.3 Types of fat substitutes.- 2.9 Trans fatty acids.- 2.9.1 Origins, intake levels and food sources.- 2.9.2 Effects on health and disease risk.- 2.9.3 Food labelling and regulatory policies.- 2.10 Future developments.- References.- 3 Biotechnological advances in improved and alternative sources of lipids.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Techniques of biotechnology and genetic engineering.- 3.2.1 Plant selection.- 3.2.2 Genetic engineering.- 3.3 Enzyme systems for fatty acid and oil synthesis.- 3.3.1 Glycolytic enzymes.- 3.3.2 De novo fatty acid synthesis.- 3.3.3 Glycerolipid synthesis.- 3.4 Oil body proteins.- 3.5 Commentary.- References.- 4 Edible oils from herbaceous crops.- 4.1 Typical compositions of oilseed unselected for lipid composition.- 4.2 Genetic alteration of oilseed composition.- 4.2.1 Oil percentage.- 4.2.2 Fatty acid composition.- 4.2.3 Other goals of plant breeding in oilseed crops.- 4.3 The introduction of new oilseed crops and crops with special characteristics.- 4.4 Potential herbaceous edible oilseed crops.- 4.4.1 Cuphea.- 4.4.2 Apiaceae.- 4.4.3 Evening primrose (Oenothea).- 4.4.4 Salicornia bigelovii Torr.- 4.4.5 Madia sativa and Iva annua.- 4.4.6 Lupine.- References.- 5 Tropical fruits: a source of lipids.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Potential sources of fats and oils.- 5.3 Important sources of lipid.- 5.3.1 Mango.- 5.3.2 Papaya.- 5.3.3 Avocado.- 5.3.4 Buffalo gourd.- 5.3.5 Okra.- 5.3.6 Passion fruit.- 5.3.7 Tamarind.- 5.3.8 Guava.- 5.3.9 Durian.- 5.3.10 Breadfruit.- 5.3.11 Jackfruit.- 5.4 Commercial and village processing.- 5.5 Toxicology.- References.- 6 Nuts as a source of edible oil.- 6.1 Types and geographical location of production.- 6.1.1 World production and consumption of tree nuts.- 6.1.2 World production of nuts and seeds.- 6.2 Economic feasibility.- 6.2.1 Ammonia damaged pecans.- 6.2.2 Moldy nuts.- 6.2.3 Wormy cashew nuts.- 6.3 Composition and characteristics and comparison to common oils.- 6.3.1 Stability.- 6.3.2 Labeling.- 6.3.3 Fatty acid composition of tree nut oils.- 6.4 Use of gourmet oils in confections and cosmetics.- 6.5 Nutritive value.- 6.6 General methods of processing and refining.- 6.6.1 Dehulling.- 6.6.2 Shelling.- 6.6.3 Recovering nut oil.- 6.6.4 Roasting.- 6.6.5 Nut butters and pastes.- 6.6.6 Oil refining.- 6.6.7 Debitt...